Literature Review on Herbal Medicine Toxicity, Safety Risk Analysis of Use Based on Toxicological Studies

Abstract

The use of herbal medicines has increased significantly worldwide due to the perception that natural products are safer, more affordable, and associated with fewer adverse effects than conventional pharmaceuticals. However, the assumption that all herbal medicines are inherently safe is not always supported by scientific evidence, as certain medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that may induce toxic effects when consumed in excessive doses, over prolonged periods, or without appropriate supervision. This literature review aims to evaluate the scientific evidence regarding the toxicity of herbal medicines and analyze their safety risks based on findings from toxicological studies. A narrative literature review approach was employed by collecting and analyzing peer-reviewed articles from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect published in recent years. The review focuses on evidence from acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity studies, as well as investigations of genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Additionally, factors influencing the safety of herbal medicine use, including dosage, duration of administration, herb–drug interactions, quality control, and contamination with heavy metals or microorganisms, are discussed. The findings indicate that most herbal medicines exhibit favorable safety profiles when used appropriately and according to recommended dosages. Nevertheless, several herbal products have been associated with adverse effects, including liver and kidney injury, gastrointestinal disturbances, and allergic reactions, particularly when used irrationally or when product quality is inadequate. Therefore, comprehensive toxicological evaluation, rigorous quality standardization, and public education are essential to ensure the safe and effective use of herbal medicines. This review provides an evidence-based reference for researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers in promoting the rational, safe, and scientifically validated use of herbal medicines.