The Relationship between Supervision and Individual Characteristics on Compliance with the Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) by Workers at Heights on the JAPEK Toll Road Project, Bekasi

Abstract

Working at heights, particularly in the construction sector, is considered a high-risk activity if not accompanied by adequate occupational safety practices. Compliance with the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as full-body harnesses, safety helmets, safety vests, and safety shoes, is an important step to prevent workplace accidents. Workplace accidents among workers at heights remain a challenge, one of which is due to a lack of compliance with the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This study aims to determine the relationship between supervision and individual characteristics with compliance with the use of PPE among workers at heights in Zones 2A and 2B of the Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road Project, Bekasi. An observational analytical study design with a cross-sectional approach was conducted in July–August 2025. A sample of 76 respondents was obtained through total sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using the Chi-square test (p < 0.05) and Odds Ratio (OR). The results showed a significant relationship between supervision (p = 0.002; OR = 5.943), knowledge (p = 0.038; OR = 0.320), attitude (p = 0.013; OR = 3.868), age (p = 0.013; OR = 3.868), education (p = 0.024; OR = 3.353), and length of service (p = 0.026; OR = 3.674) with compliance with PPE use. Conclusion: supervision and individual characteristics are significantly related to compliance. Suggestion: management needs to add K3 supervisors, improve PPE training, foster positive worker attitudes, and consider individual factors in worker development.